Birth Defects Of Babies Are Serious Functional Or...

Birth defects in babies are serious functional or structural abnormalities that are present at birth in 3%(â€Å"approximately 120,000†(Simeone 1104) ) of infants in the United States each year. There are quite a few different types of defects that you may not even be able to see on the infant at first. It could be something developmental that will only get worse as they get older. If you believe that birth defects are only caused by women doing illegal drugs and drinking while pregnant, you’re wrong. It could be a complete genetic disorder that the baby has inherited or a chromosome problem where the baby is missing even just a part or a whole chromosome and in some cases gains an extra. Sometimes before the baby, is born you are able to do†¦show more content†¦It could be very mild and be solved with therapy, or there are some extreme cases that need surgery as soon as the child is born. Spina Bifida is another common structural defect that is very serious a nd it messes with spine. There is a three different types of spina bifida; the first type is Myelomeningocele which is where the baby s spine doesn’t completely close. â€Å"With this condition, a sac of fluid comes through an opening in the baby’s back. Part of the spinal cord and nerves are in this sac and are damaged. This type of spina bifida causes moderate to severe disabilities.† (CDC) The next type is meningocele this has some similarities to the first type with the sac but with this the spine isn’t in the sac, this type will only have some minor disabilities. The final type is Spina Bifida Occulta which is the more mild out of the three. This is where there is only a small gap in the baby’s back with no sac. This is harder to find in infants usually is isn’t even discovered until people are young adults, not many disabilities are caused by this type. There is not only common structural defects, but also developmental or functional d efects. A well known type that affects the nervous system is Down Syndrome. This is when people either have an extra piece on a chromosome or they have a whole extra chromosome number 21. â€Å"It is the most common chromosomal cause of mild to moderate intellectual disabilities. PeopleShow MoreRelatedThe Congential Vericella Syndrome (CVS) Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pagesdisease and not vaccinated but if a woman is infected during the early stages of pregnancy the fetus could be born with birth defects. Congenital Varicella Syndrome (CVS) is a rare but serious disease that affects about 2% of pregnancies exposed to the virus in the first trimester. The disease leads to low birth weight, skin and/or extremity abnormalities, and in very extreme cases defects of the brain, eyes, or other organs. 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Personal Statement On Self Help - 925 Words

Self Help While I was observing Child A he did not really do anything on his own. While in the classroom teachers may try and let the children become independent with a lot of situations early, so that they can get use to it early. Child A cannot really walk on his own, he does not eat his food as in using the utensils on his own. He needs help with everything that he does. In reference to the 21st century skills they should focus on his health awareness. He should be able to do a lot of things on his own instead of depending on the teachers to do everything such as help him get up and walk around and feeding him. These are things that he should be attempting to do on his own. With the health awareness it states that they should understand preventive physical and mental health measures, including proper diet, nutrition, exercise, risk avoidance and stress reduction. 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Dream Without Fear free essay sample

Dreams, all of us have them, as children many of us dreamt of being astronauts or neurologist, teachers, police officers, firemen, actors, and ballerinas. As life went on some left behind their childhood dreams as only nature has it that our interest change over the years. The young naivee dreaming days of being a ballerina were disregarded along with the dance classes that loss their excitement after the first day. We soon realized that achieving a goal or making dreams a reality was much harder than our young six year-old minds could imagine, and in a matter of moments the ballerina days were over, taken over by fresh ripe dreams of being a famous and ostentatious actress in the infamous Hollywood. Our footprints along side the most famous and talented actors that the world has ever seen. When we are young, the world is ours; we are invincible to the daily responsibilities we would soon face as we aged. We dreamt without fear. The world was ours, to take in our small soft young hands, and the constant reminders from our parents; â€Å"you can be whatever you want to be†. Eight words strung together, words of empowerment that always remain in the back of our minds as we age from young naive children to blossoming adolescences, until we mature into the adults we were destined to be.â€Å"Dream without fear† is the best piece of advice that I have ever received and surprisingly it did not come from the wise lips of a dear relative nor the fortune cookies from the Chinese restaurant in town, no, these inspiring words are wrapped around in a circle printed on a white rubber bracelet in big, bold, black letters worn around my wrist. A constant reminder of my naivee childhood days when the world was one block wide and when the stars weren’t light years away. The world held in our palms, where anything and everything was possible. It was not until two weeks ago when I realized the true meaning behind the phrase printed on the bracelet that I wore religiously and still wear on my wrist. For days I stared at the big block writing on my bracelet and merely passed it off, buying the bracelet for the design and not truly paying attention to the message on my arm. So what does it mean to dream without fear? Well that is quite simple, to try to achieve a dream without fearing the outcome. Unfortunately, similar to many situations in life, advice is easier said than done.As we age life complicates, responsibilities grow, stress levels skyrocket and we find ourselves spending sleepless nights thinking of the future trying to figure what our dream in life is. Sadly, for many us, our dreams seem nearly impossible to make reality, the more we understand our circumstance and the obstacles we may have to battle on our way to our destiny, the more we loose focus on our heart’s desires and focus on the fears that slowly creep their way into our minds, taking over our brain completely, constantly reminding us that there is a chance that we may fall face first on our quest to accomplish our goals. Fear is the slayer of dreams, a powerful omen, set out to prevent our fantasies from coming true. Alas some of us let our fears win, and we go on to lead despondent and dejected lives full of disenchantment for not overcoming our fear of fear and living just to live. We ponder on excuses to assuage the regret building in our hearts, trying to soften the blow that our one opportunity was wasted.I, too, was always living in fear that if I endeavored to do anything fulfilling or tried to achieve a goal, that I would fail horribly and that the invar iable feeling of being defeated would linger everywhere and was petrified of that feeling, so instead I quit before I gave it a try. Verifying my decisions to stop while I was ahead any way I could but little did I know that the feeling of regret cuts deeper than the feeling of failing. You see if you don’t succeed you can always try again, but when you loose hope too early and don’t try you have to live with the regret that follows you everywhere you go like a dark black cloud hovering above your head, constantly reminding you that if you had taken that risk, put all your feeling aside and just went for it, you would be in a different position. Instead of working that nine to five job you hate you could be waking up in the morning with a smile carved deep in your face, the feeling of accomplishment radiating from you, the realization that risk are worth taking printed on your forehead when you are working your dream job. Yet many of us see only what we want to see and close the eyes to what we dream of.It is understandable why the trepidation of not achieving your goal is so overpowering and can persuade us to take the easier road in life, to go with what is safe instead of what we truly desire. â€Å" Two roads diverged in a wood and I- I, took the one less traveled by and that made all the difference† (Frost, 18-20) are the last line in Robert Frost’s inspiring 1920’s poem The Road Not Taken. He overcame the fear of the unknown and took the road less traveled by and his life was forever changed. He demolished the fear of fear for the sake of his happiness. Something not many of us can do. The thing we fear the most is a two-letter word packed with power, and that is the word no. I believe that rejection is what we fear most when trying to achieve our dreams. No one likes rejection whether it’s from the university of your dreams or when it escapes the lips from your crush. Rejection hurts and we conclude that it is better to never know what could be then feel rejection. I was scared of rejection and therefore never applied my self to attempt to achieve my dreams whether they may have been large dreams or small ones, but I have learned the hard way that we can not let fear of rejection or failure get the best of us. Is it truly better to live with regret for the entirety of your life or feel the sting for a while before taking in everything you have learned from your decision and moving on?The answer will vary on the reader but to me it is very simple, living with regret is the worst thing you can do. Some people are born with the self-confidence to overlook sma ll mishaps and continue while the rest of us have to build the faith in ourselves to get to that level, but it is not impossible. Who says that your dreams have to be left behind with childhood because to others they are impractical or impossible to achieve? Who says that the world can’t be one block wide again where the stars are nothing but a few feet away? Who says that life has to be so complicated? Only cynics who do not take risks and do believe in faith, but risk can be so rewarding and are undeniably worth taking. Who would have known that a seven-dollar bracelet from Hot Topic would inspire me to change my view on the world before it was too late? I sure did not.

migration in the security adendas of European countries and north America Essay Example Essay Example

migration in the security adendas of European countries and north America Essay Example Paper migration in the security adendas of European countries and north America Essay Introduction Migration as a Security Threat migration in the security adendas of European countries and north America Essay Body Paragraphs Tutor: Migration as a Security Threat Immigration is currently being perceived by the host states as a security threat. It has also been perceived as a threat to international stability. Today, security is not only taken to be the protection of states’ citizens and borders from other states by the government, but it is also taken to be the states’ ability of protecting the citizens, whether social groups or individuals, from others non-states security threats and actors that are non-based (Balzacq Carrera, 2005). This is the main reason why the immigrants are taken to be a security threat. When the immigrants are mentioned in this course, they can be both legal and illegal. Legal immigrants enter the host state as required by the law while illegal ones enter the state through such means as human trafficking, amongst other means. It is significant that migration be of security concern in the European countries and North America. In the year 2007, Mark Krikoran of the Ce nter for Immigration Studies (Executive Director) and James Carafano of the Heritage Foundation (security expert) agreed that the immigration system and the borders, especially the southern one, were both out of control and dysfunctional (CFR, 2007). One of the strategies implemented to ensure that the immigration issues were competently dealt with, was to make sure that the borders and the immigration systems were both put under control and made functional once more. Other strategies such as enforcing the law, amnesty and incorporating guest worker programs are also used although they have proved to pose a significant challenge as a far as the immigration and security issues are concerned. The guest worker programs have proved to be incompetent as far as far as control of immigration is concerned. If anything, they will catalyze the immigration. Guest worker programs will encourage more immigrants to come into the host countries creating illegal mass immigrations. The political pre ssure that comes with mass immigration will pressurize the governments to grant amnesties. Such amnesties increase security risks, overpopulation, employment issues, amongst other issues that are tied along. This vicious cycle then continues. Although immigrants from all states have been considered to be of concern to the host states, immigrants from the Islamic countries have been given more attention than those from other states (Dannreuther, 2007). These Islamic states are mostly from the Middle East regions. This is mainly due to their organized crimes history, the extent they have been known to go when ‘fighting for their rights’ and their beliefs as far as the Islamic religion is concerned. The immigrants believing in the Islamic religion have also been of more concern as compared to the Christian immigrants. For example, a country such as Netherlands has decided to introduce a ban on covering the face, which is known as the â€Å"burqa ban†. This ban is be ing put in place in order to control terrorism in the country. Although this ban does not include the burqa from Afghan, it is mostly directed to the Islamic women. There are indigenous Muslims in Netherlands; however, most of the Muslims are immigrants from the warring Middle East countries. The ban on the face-covering is meant to increase the chances of identity. Islamic women, as well as men, have been known to initiate in terrorism attacks especially as far as suicide bombings are concerned. The extensive whole body covering places them at a greater advantage especially when compared to other non-Islamic women or women whose religion does not require any extreme covering (Dannreuther, 2007). As far as individual or group religions are concerned, it is significant to understand that national security is of greater importance. Other expressions that may be considered as indications that freedoms are being abused include a similar law in France, where Islamic women were banned fro m wearing headscarves. This policy was applicable mostly in public areas and government institutions. A row ensued in the Netherlands where a cartoonist made a seemingly harmless drawing of Allah, a move that is forbidden by the Muslim law. This brought into question the freedom of expression versus religious belief. Switzerland also introduced a referendum on minarets, bringing the nation to a near brink of religious disagreement especially when it came to expression and religion. Migration started becoming a security threat when the immigrants started getting involved in terrorism activities. These were mostly the illegal immigrants. These cases started taking place in the late 20th century. It is common knowledge that one tends to be more careful with a person who issues threats than one who does not. Countries from the Middle East have known to issue and even act when it comes to attacking states in North America and Europe. The Most affected nation is the United States of Ameri ca especially when taking into account the 9/11 attack. Osama bin Laden was said to have trained with the American Military before resigning and going back to his state. Such a country has more reasons of being cautious of the immigrants than other countries that do not have a huge influx of immigrants. The protection of one identity for another is bound to create a couple of more problems than there are (Balzacq Carrera, 2005). These problems include discrimination related problems, equal and human rights concerns public demonstrations, amongst others. This is because no identity should be held superior to the other. However, it should be noted that the security of the citizens of a nation is of the utmost significance. Most immigrants are refugees from warring countries. They migrate because their countries are no longer secure. In order to prevent such occurrences in the host states, some measures have to be taken. Scrutinizing the immigrants’ identity, more than the citi zens’ identity is one of the actions that are considered. Organized crimes are all over the world. However, most groups are from the Islamic countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia, Egypt, amongst others. Other countries known for having organized crime are Russia, Italy, South Korea, Mexico, amongst others. Immigrants from these countries are known to pose a greater risk than other immigrants. Organized crimes in the Middle East Muslim countries form in the name of fighting the Jihad War. This is known as a holy war and so they are known to commit suicide in the name of the war. Since they attract a lot of attention from the immigration department, immigrants from these countries tend to enter host countries using illegal means thus the great security concerns. Security is only one of the other concerns raised whenever the migration issue is brought up. However, it is significant that the governments pay the utmost attention to this concern. The European and North Ameri can countries have been a target for many years to most terrorism groups. The governments of these countries must put their guard up even in the migration department. We will write a custom essay sample on migration in the security adendas of European countries and north America Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on migration in the security adendas of European countries and north America Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on migration in the security adendas of European countries and north America Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man essays

The Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man essays Both the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and The French Rights of Man of 1789 can be compared in many ways. Both of these documents have revolutionary ideas and were a means of both America and France to overthrow the government of that time. These documents are well thought-out and address many if not all of the problems that the people of these two countries were facing. In both cases, they are standing up against monarchy rule which in general had made their standards of living unbearable. Without these two documents, the world as we know it today would not be the same, who knows how the government would be. The first of the two documents is The American Declaration of Independence. This document was set forth on July 4, 1776, by the Thirteen Colonies. In a nutshell, it was announcing the separation of those colonies from Great Britain and turning them into the United States. The Declaration of Independence was a document which was carefully thought out and put together over a period of many days. The first call for this document to be written up was by Richard Henry Lee on June 7, 1776. Lee was in a congressional meeting when he introduced the idea of a declaration to gain independence from Great Britain, and it was immediately seconded by John Adams. "On June 11, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman were instructed to draft such a declaration; the actual writing was entrusted to Jefferson. " It was then revised by Franklin, Adams, and Jefferson before it was sent to Congress to get its final revision. The Declaration was then deba ted over, signed by fifty-six delegates, and finally released. America had put a start to what would be an eventual victory. The Declaration of Independence included many key arguments against the rule of King George III and the hardships in which he put the colonists of the Thirteen Colonies. In the opening, it states that the King...

Why Oil and Water Dont Mix

Why Oil and Water Dont Mix You may have experienced examples of how oil and water dont mix. Oil and vinegar salad dressing separate. Motor oil floats on top of the water in a puddle or in an oil spill. No matter how much you mix oil and water, they always separate. Chemicals that dont mix are said to be immiscible. The reason this happens is because of the chemical nature of oil and water molecules. Like Dissolves Like The saying in chemistry is that like dissolves like. What this means is the polar liquids (like water) dissolve in other polar liquids, while nonpolar liquids (usually organic molecules) mix well with each other. Each H2O or  water molecule is polar because it has a bent shape in which the negatively charged oxygen atom and the positively charged hydrogen atoms are on separate sides of the molecule. Water forms  hydrogen bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms of different water molecules. When water encounters nonpolar oil molecules, it sticks to itself rather than mingles with the organic molecules. Making Oil and Water Mix Chemistry has tricks for getting oil and water to interact. For example, detergent works by acting as emulsifiers and surfactants. The surfactants improve how well water can interact with a surface, while the emulsifiers help oil and water droplets mix together. Density and Immiscibility Oil floats on water because it is less dense or has lower specific gravity. The immiscibility of oil and water, however, is not related to the difference in density.

The Green Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone Lab Report

The Green Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone - Lab Report Example KMnO4 and Cr (VI) compounds such as H2CrO4 have been widely used as oxidizing agents in the oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds. However, each of these two reagents has its disadvantages, and chemists are increasingly using reagents containing chlorine in a positive oxidation state such as hypochlorite compounds. Sodium hypochlorite is the reagent chemists most commonly use for this purpose. Sodium hypochlorite has three crucial advantages over Cr (VI) compounds when used to oxidize cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone. Firstly, it has no hazardous waste products in contrast to Cr (VI) oxidations, which yield Cr (III) compounds, which are toxic to aquatic life. Secondly, sodium hypochlorite and its products have no skin or membrane irritation effects other than a negligible amount of chlorine gas, in contrast to Cr (VI) compounds, which are skin and membrane irritants. Thirdly, hypochlorite reagents are considerably cheaper than Cr (VI) compounds (Baird & Cann, 2008, p.67). 8 ml of cyclohexanol and 4 ml of glacial acetic acid were added to a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask. A thermometer was placed into the flask and used to record the initial temperature. 115 ml of commercial bleach (NaOCl) was obtained in a beaker. The bleach was slowly added to the Erlenmeyer flask using a disposable pipette while slowly stirring the flask. The temperature was maintained between 40oC and 50o using an ice water bath large enough to hold the flask. After adding all the bleach, the mixture was allowed to sit for about 20 minutes. The mixture was continuously stirred during this period. The presence of the oxidizing agent was tested by adding a drop of the solution to a piece of starch-iodide paper. There was no color change indicating that hypochlorite was not present. 4 drops of thymol blue indicator were added to the reaction mixture. The solution turned yellow. 18.4 ml of 6 M sodium hydroxide was added to the reaction mixture until a neutral pH was obtained. This point was indicated by a color change to blue. A simple distillation apparatus was set up, with the receiving container being a 50 ml graduated cylinder. A 250 ml round-bottomed flask was used as the â€Å"still pot†. The mixture was distilled through steam distillation, and a mixture of cyclohexanone and water was obtained in a graduated cylinder. 40 ml of distillate was obtained. B. Isolation and Purification of Cyclohexanone The distillate mixture was placed in an Erlenmeyer flask. 6.8 g of NaCl was slowly added to the 34 ml aqueous layer with stirring in order to reduce the solubility of the cyclohexanone. This enabled it to be extracted completely using ether. The mixture was poured into a separatory funnel. Ether was added to the mixture until a 20 – 25 ml of organic layer was obtained. The separatory funnel was gently shaken with frequent venting. The aqueous and organic layers were left to separate. The aqueous layer was run off into a beaker labeled â€Å"aqueous waste†. The ether solution was poured from the separatory funnel into an Erlenmeyer flask. 3 M sodium hydroxide solution was added to the solution of ether, and the flask was gently shaken with frequent venting. The resulting aqueous layer was

Objective Thinking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Objective Thinking - Research Paper Example As a result of adopting this approach you live in a childlike bubble with the world outside oneself and you are only concerned with the effects you have on the outside world and vice versa. This paper aims to: 1. Define objective experience, as opposed to subjective experience; 2. Describe the experience of an objective thinker; 3. Explore the possibility of training adolescents to think objectively; and 4. Explore the connection between thinking objectively and language. Isolating Objective Experience Bothereau (2009), in explaining atomism and atelic conceptualization, subscribed to the theorization of experience, in which experience can be analyzed and understood as a theoretical entity. At the same time, it is everything and everywhere, observable as well as unobservable. Bothereau goes on to compare the theories in question to Whitehead’s (1920) sense-awareness continuum, in which sense-perception is possible only with a division of the continuum, of a part objectified ex perience. Many theorists, as well as those in the practical sciences like medicine, take into account two components of experience: the objective and the subjective. While the patient’s blood pressure is objective and can be validated using a sphygmomanometer, his experience of pain is subjective and cannot be perfectly transferred through Nagel’s observer empathy (1974, in Baars, 2996). Baars (1996) advocated for such practical criteria to understand subjectivity. Indeed, the common argument against physicalism is that an ideal, complete physical description of a living human being still leaves out that person’s subjective conscious experience, or what it was like to be that person (Rudd, 1997). Is it possible to eliminate subjective experience? Watt (2004) argued against the view that cognition and emotion are counter-posed to each other. Instead, cognition is an extension of emotion, which is an extension of homeostasis. The brain’s functions are made possible through integration of systems from top to bottom of the neuroaxis. Biologic proof is in the neural connections between thalamocortical brain systems and many subcortical (basal forebrain, diencephalic, and midbrain-reticular) systems. He goes on to explain that, past early infancy, much of human consciousness consists of emotion-and-cognition amalgams, citing music and art as examples of activating emotion by cognition. Sutherland (2001) also commented on the indispensability of emotion in decision-making, as concluded by many theories from stimulus-response and behavioralism, symbolic logic and representation in any medium, to naturalism. He recounted Damasio’s (1994) findings that patients with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex, the area of the brain that deals with social emotions, were completely unable to make decisions. If emotions, as judgments on what is perceived, are classified as subjective experience, and much of human consciousness consists of emotion- and-cognition amalgams, then it is not possible to completely disassociate subjective from objective experience. However, there are stoic individuals, or those who have mastered affective self-regulation (not affective elimination), at least for a time. The next question would then be whether it is possible to hardwire the brain to think primarily â€Å"objectively†, which will be explored in the latter part of the paper.

Christian Theology in A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay Example for Free

Christian Theology in A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† by Flannery O’Conner reflects the Christian belief that even the most unlikely of people can be recipients of God’s grace. The grandmother and the Misfit, both â€Å"bad† in their own ways, are each unlikely and undeserving recipients of grace. According to Christian theology, humans are granted salvation through God’s grace, which can be bestowed upon to even the most unlikely. The grandmother’s and the Misfit’s moral codes they live by that affect their actions, decisions and perceptions. The term â€Å"moral† doesn’t necessarily mean good, but is simply the way people choose to live their lives. At first it seems as if it is the Misfit who lacks guidance as he continuously murders people. It is the grandmother whose moral code is weak and inconsistent. She has built her morals solely on what she believes make people â€Å"good.† She pays a great amount of attention in being a lady, repeatedly deceives her family, and lacks a clear standpoint on the world around her. She boasts about her love for Christianity, but does not seem to be able to pray when she finds herself in crisis. She even begins to question the power and divinity of Jesus. It is clear the grandmother is not sincere and aware of her actions. The Misfit has a strong and consistent moral code. The Misfit believes that the punishments he received from his experience of being a convicted criminal were always disproportional to his crime, and the crime doesn’t even matter at the end. He also shows a genuine curiosity about religion. The grandmother accepts faith unquestioningly while the Misfit challenges these beliefs and thinks deeply on how he should follow them or not. The Misfit has chosen to live under his assumption that religion is pointless and goes with his own belief â€Å"No pleasure but meanness.† (OConner 941). The Misfit only wishes he was present to see Jesus rise from the dead so he could know the events were factual. It is obvious the grandmother in â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† lies to her grandchildren, manipulates her son, and makes several remarks as to why the  past times have superiority to the present. She believes she is morally superior to those younger than her. She also believes she has the right to judge the goodness of others and tell them how to live their lives. The grandmother seems quite oblivious to reality as she heads the family to somewhere completely different than where she thought they were. The tragic wreck was all due to the grandmother’s ignorance. Towards the final moments of her life, she instructs the Misfit to pray, despite the fact she lacks the sincere qualities herself necessary to form a prayer. As she grows afraid of what will happen to her, she agrees with the Misfit and changes her mind about Jesus rising from the dead. Her doing so reflects she is confused and unsure of her beliefs making her a very unlikely recipient of grace. The Misfit is an unrepentant murderer who finds no pleasure in anything but meanness. He shows no remorse for his actions. The Misfit was aware of Jesus being crucified, but felt that he would have had to see it to believe it for sure. Both characters show habitual sins and ultimately are each undeserving recipients of grace. Even people like the grandmother and the Misfit have potential to be saved by God, according to Christian Theology. The grandmother experiences a moment of grace after the Misfit’s wish to know for sure what Jesus did and didn’t do. Her head clears momentarily and she says â€Å"Why you’re one of my babies. You’re one of my own children!† (O’Conner 948). This suggests that the grandmother is realizing that they both are of the same kind. Given the circumstances, her comment seems pretty insane, but this is the g randmother’s clearest moment in the story. She shows compassion which implies that God has granted her grace just before she is shot by the Misfit. The Misfit too, is open to grace at this moment. He claims earlier in the story there was â€Å"no pleasure but meanness† in life, and now denies there is any pleasure in life at all after killing the grandmother. All his killings have quit giving him happiness, suggesting that he, too, may foster the possibility to change. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† has a strong, somewhat harsh portrayal of religion. The characters in this story are both awakened and their faith is altered. The Christian idea of moments of grace in this story apply to real life. It is believed among many Christian followers that God’s grace is very powerful, unlike any other human could give to another. Most people misunderstand this and think that blessings are granted upon those who do good works and  punishments through bad works. The use of grace has nothing to do with any kinds of works, which is where most people are mistaken. Rather, the principle to the Christian theology of grace is recognized in the bible by Solomon. He said it is vain to judge God on matters of good or bad works. God can surely do as he pleases and His ways are opposite of man’s ways. Solomon says: â€Å"There is vanity that is done under the earth; that there be just men, unto whom it happens according to the work of the wicked; again, there be wicked men, to whom it happens according to the work of the righteous: I said that this is also vanity.† (Ecclesiastes 5:14) This quote suggests that despite the actions one may do, it is up to the grace of God that determines what that person deserves or does not deserve. The use of grace is all part of God’s plan for humans. No matter how many men judge a person, it is only God’s judgment that determines who receives grace. The grandmother and Misfit have been awarded the positive aspects of grace, which is not dependent on works of any kind. According to Christian theology, humans are commanded to be righteous and not evil. It says in the bible that God loves his creations so intensely he gave his only son to die for all human sins, which was a big question mark for the Misfit. If only he had known for sure maybe he would have never committed the immoral crimes he did. If the Misfit would have only known that according to Christian theology, all humans are destined by God’s divine grace no matter what deeds that have been done on earth, he would have made wiser decisions. If only th e grandmother had been shot every day all of her life, according to the Misfit, would she have been a better lady. When thinking of Christian theology, one would agree it just pertains to religion and God. Theology is the study of religion, and God’s relation to the world. Theology is based upon the Old and New Testament in the Bible, as well as historic traditions practiced by Christians. It has been practiced for thousands of years. People have always tried to make justifications to argue, examine, clarify, defend or promote Christianity. The Misfit seems to know most aspects when it comes to the Christian religion, as he talks about all of Christ’s works in the story. The way he viewed Christian beliefs was all an outcome on how he lived his life. â€Å"Our concepts about the divine  inform our lives more deeply than most people can trace. Whether God is viewed as distant or near, as gracious or capricious, as concerned or apathetic, the conclusions we reach—whether the result of careful reflection or negligent assumptions—guide our lives.† (Kapic 1) The wa y people live their lives depends on an individuals’ belief about theology and the way God relates to the world. It is the beliefs people choose to accept that ultimately guides everyday lives. Whether people choose to accept or deny that there is a God, it is all based on individual experiences and beliefs. The grandmother seemed to have thought she knew all about Christianity, but judging by her actions, it is clear she did not genuinely live righteously. There is no factual evidence that Jesus is real, but many have come to receive grace in their final moments, as shown in â€Å"A Good Man.† Believers of Christian faith are thought out to be hypocritical and this stereotype fits the grandmother’s character in â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find.† Just like the grandmother and Misfit in the story, it is grace that enabled them to come to Christ sincerely. The final lines in the story depict both the grandmother’s and Misfit’s realizations as if they have received answers to all questions about life. â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† reflects the Christian theology of grace. The grace of God is a gift, and if willing to accept it, even when undeserving, humans can be granted salvation like the grandmother was. The grace of God has been shown not to bestow upon the mere form of actions, but onto ones who are open to Christ, according to â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find.† Works Cited New King James Version. Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1982. Print. Kapic, Kelly M. A Little Book for New Theologians. InterVarsity Press, 2012. Print. O’Conner, Flannery. â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find.† The Writer’s Presence. Bedford/St. Martins; Fourth Edition, 2003. 931-943. Print.

Raising the Friving Age to 18 :: essays research papers

McDonald’s Gone Country   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  McDonald’s, the most successful and well-known fast food chain in the world. One of which is located in Coshocton, Ohio. Most McDonalds’ consist of three main colors blue, yellow, and red. McDonald’s has different themes among their many restaurants. However, the main goal is to stick with the main colors throughout the restaurant. In the Coshocton restaurant there is a country style theme. The inside, outside, menus, and even the workers uniforms relate to each other; they all consist of the main colors dealing with the theme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The interior of the McDonald’s has the theme of a country style home. The walls consist of wood panels with a wood strip half way up the wall. The wood strip runs horizontally throughout the restaurant. McDonalds wants to make you as comfortable as possible to ensure the comfort of eating at home. Wallpaper covers from ceiling to the wood strip. The wallpaper is of a gold color with a diamond pattern. The amount of wood used in Coshocton’s McDonald’s gives it the very country, homey feel. The country theme reflects our community in the way of our environment. Coshocton County is a very country setting. There is a lot of farming, country style homes, and historical sites. When customers eat at McDonalds they feel very comfortable taking their families there for a sit down meal with a home setting. McDonalds makes the effort to blend in with the community because by doing so their residents will feel at home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The uniforms at McDonalds consist of a pair of pants, hat, black shoes, name tag, and a polo shirt. Managers at McDonald’s wear a light blue dress shirt, a tie of their choice, a pair of blue dress pants, a black hat with McDonald’s golden arches emblem on the front, and all employees are required to wear all black shoes. The crew trainers wear a red polo shirt with a yellow pinstripe that runs vertically down the right side, black pants, black hat, their name tag, and their black shoes. The regular crew members wear blue polo shirts with one yellow pinstripe down the right side of the shirt. It is a must that the crew members wear the black pants, name tag, and their hat. The significance of the uniforms is that they all have the three main colors, and these colors are used to distinguish the rank of the employees.

Management Requirements for Different Types of Events

There are many different types of events for an event manager to organize! In this unit I will be talking about some of the most popular types of events Including a birthday party and an outdoor festival! I will explain the necessary processes, goods and services that might be required for the specific event. Birthday Party Planning As an event manager you could be asked to plan someone's 1st birthday to any range of adults birthday parties – all birthday parties can be very different due to the age, range, theme and style required by the client! Consultation ProcessJust like any event, start at the beginning with the consultation process of planning a birthday party with the client is crucial to ensure that they receive the event they expect. If the event manager Is planning a child's party consultation will usually be with the parent or guardian but the older the child gets the more likely they are to get involved in this process. If offering a birthday party event managemen t service, the event manager may want to consider applying for a DB'S formerly known as CRY (Criminal Records Bureaus) check, as it would serve as reassurance for the parents and also enhance the event managers status.It Is necessary that when consulting with birthday party clients It Is Important to determine the size of the party and the approximate age range of the guests. If the age range for a children's party were wide then it would affect what type of entertainment is needed and where it is to be held. The event manager will need to establish whether there are any special requirements for any of the guests attending during the consultation process as this could affect what kind of venues are suitable.Some listed buildings may offer a discount if they do not have disabled access but there are disabled guests. Venues Venues for birthday parties vary depending on the age of the guests and the number of guests! There is a wide range of party decorations available, obvious decorat ions include balloons, banners, flowers, etc. A cake is essential for a birthday party! The cake can be home-made by the client themselves if they wish to save money, bought from a supermarket or custom made if the client wants something more special.Organizing a Charity Event Contact the Charity The first part of planning a charity event is contacting the charity, you should get in touch with the charities fundraising team and notify them that you are planning an vent. Setting a Date The chosen date should be as far in advance as possible when organizing a charity event. If the client wishes to have any special guests at the event then it is important that they are contacted before the date is set in case they are not available.Budgeting and Funding Careful budgeting is very important, the event manager should find out as soon as possible what the budget for the event is and because it is a charity event he/she must be very careful an try to make as much money for that charity as p ossible by saving money in specific areas. Venue Once the date and funding has been arranged then a venue can be investigated! Because the event manger would be panning a charity event it may be possible to get the venue for less or even free! Venues have been known to offer the event free of charge if it is a charity one and they sometimes even donate to the cause.There can be a lot of publicity caused by charity events for the venue. Speakers The client may require specific speakers in order to raise the events profile; the event manger should research them and get in touch with speakers as soon as possible. Auctions are a very popular thing to do within a charity event. Auctions work well at all kinds of events and are a great way to raise some money for a charity! Promoting the Charity Event When I held a charity event I promoted it by putting flyers up around my college and using social networking.Planning a Black Tie Event Venue and Decorations Venue options are more limited f or a black tie event than a birthday party. Guests attending a black tie event have usually paid a high entrance fee and they'll expect a venue that matches that price! When I imagine a black tie event I think of glamour and elegance, venues suitable for a black tie event include a stately home, a hotel, museum, etc. Food and Catering With food and catering it is a good idea to use a previous supplier that did a good job.Photographer It is good to have a photographer at the event as it is a very good way of promoting the event manager, especially considering most of the photos will end up on Backbone (depending on the age range of the event) a lot of people will see what the event was like and may wish to go to the next one that event manager/client organizes. Goodie Bags I don't feel goodie bags are necessary for a black tie event; however I have seen some high profile events give out freebies especially if they are sponsored by a company mating to promote a product!Getting the eve nt sponsored would be a great way of saving money and the goodie bags are an exciting end to the night/event. Organizing Festivals/Outdoor Concerts Accessibility Adequate Sanitary Equipment Large-scale events (especially outdoor events) should have a good number of sanitary facilities, like a sink for guests to clean their teeth, a public shower or portals. Adverse Weather Conditions Weather is extremely UN-predictable in England so it is important to be prepared! I recommend carnival style marquees for a festival, I feel they look impressive inside ND out and suit a festival well.I have been to some outdoor concerts where it has rained but there was no cover, the problem with this is that people may wish to use umbrellas and they can obstruct the view of people behind! I'd recommend handing out or selling Macs if it rains or setting up a marquee/some kind of shelter before the event Just in case. Medical Assistance There must be medical assistance available at a festival/outdoor ev ent; this can be provided by volunteer services like SST Johns Ambulance and The Red Cross – They should be told about the event well in advance. Insurance

Julius Caesar: Compare and Contrast Essay Essay

Julius Caesar is an ancient leader who is known worldwide for his famous last words â€Å"Et tu Brute?† as his closest friends were brutally murdering him. Barack Obama is the current United States President who has been in office for two consecutive terms, or eight years. Both leaders will be remembered forever, Caesar because of his murder and Obama because he is the first African American President to lead the United States. Although United States President Barack Obama is a leader centuries after the rise and fall of Julius Caesar their traits while in power that they exhibited are polar opposites. Whether it be the way that the leaders treat and respect their wives, the life they lived, or the way that they led their countries, they were opposite in almost every way possible. To begin, Julius Caesar was married to a weak-willed woman named Calpurnia. Calpurnia was a whiny woman who tried to keep Caesar from what he wanted to do and his civil duties as ruler of Rome. Calpurnia had nightmares of Caesar dying and his blood being put on display in the streets, dreams that she scared herself into believing, although becoming true. When Caesar refused to listen to her pleads of staying inside their house, she got on her knees and cried to him begging him to please stay home. This Caesar thought was highly ridiculous and he went anyways, against her wishes. Despite the lack of listening that Caesar had shown towards his wife, Obama looks to his wife as if she were his right-hand-man. Barack Obama is married to a strong-willed woman named Michelle. Michelle is a woman who had dreams and once her husband was elected into office, she made those dreams come true, having her husbands’ back in the decisions that he made for his country. Michelle wrote her own stump speeches for her husband’s presidential campaign and generally spoke without notes showing her involvement in the support of her husbands’ job. Michelle is an advocate for a healthier tomorrow, making meal plans for schools countrywide to follow, Obama also backing her up and helping her in any way he can. President Barack Obama has a respect for his wife that is unbelievably vigorous while the respect that Caesar displayed for his wife was as if there was none at all, not only proving how much times have changed, but showing how strong the bonds of marriage should be. Continuing,  Caesar was a patrician by noble birth being born into a wealthy patrician family that had money beyond knowledge. The ancestry that Caesar had was that of honor and fame being the grandson of Aeneas who was the son of the goddess Venus. Caesar’s family name, Julii Caesar, came from the birth by caesarean section, caes- meaning cut, one of his family members being born by this style of birth. Caesar came from a family of such wealth that his father was in charge of governing the province of Asia. But Obama, on the other hand, was born into a poorer family, his mother being from Wichita, Kansas and his father being on a J-visa from a small town in Kenya, both of his parents being in college on opposite sides of the country, forcing them to separate, Obama being a newborn. Obama was named after his father, being Barack Hussein Obama II, a pure Kenyan name. Obama’s parents were highly educated, his father going to Harvard Law School and his mother going to the University of Washington and then to the University of Hawaii where she graduated with a major in anthropology. Caesar and Obama came from completely different upbringings, one of military greatness and wealth and the other of brilliance and poverty. Finally, Caesar, because of his military background and the fact that he led the Romans to the defeat of the Gauls, he was welcomed home to Rome by the senate granting him triumphs for his victories. When Caesar gained more power over Rome, he ordered a census be taken resulting in the reduction of grain dole, restricting the purchases of certain luxuries and rewarding those who had many children simply because they were increasing the population of Rome. Caesar made some very vital decisions in the development of not only Rome, but the world as well such as changing the traditional calendar to the Egyptian calendar meaning that instead of having 365 days in a year, there would be 365.25 days because of the 29th day of February every fourth year. Caesar also made decisions such as establishing a police system, rebuilding the cities of Corinth and Carthage and building a library as a branch off of the Library of Alexandria. Militarily, Caesar wanted to conquer the Dacians and the Parthians, but he wasn’t able to accomplish that due to his death. As a result of his murder, the month July was named after him, its original name being Quintilis. Yet, even though not having any months named after him or establishing such important institutions, Obama has had his fair amount of fame worthy actions. Obama will forever be remembered as the first African  American Presidential Candidate and first African American to become president. As president Obama promised many choices that would help the United States become stronger as a whole such as better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules. Obama also made history by becoming the first democratic president since Franklin Delano Roosevelt to twice win the majority of the popular vote with the people. Obama made the change to reduce the secrecy given to presidential military records to gain the trust of the people he was in charge of making a better state for. Militarily, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq, claiming that he was fixing the problem that former President George W. Bush started. Caesar wanted to start war with other countries while Obama wanted to end the war that presented itself, their strategies of dealing with their countries being completely opposite. Caesar was a leader that because of the way that he took care of his subjects was murdered because he simply was not liked. Obama is a leader of a different time period, being constantly followed by security, ensuring his safety, and maybe that’s why Caesar wasn’t saved, because times have changed. Perhaps Obama has learned from Caesar’s mistakes and that has influenced to take votes among the senate and people before making decisions that could ultimately question the safety of the citizens looking up to him. Caesar and Obama both have their own ways of leading their states, treating their wives, and came from completely different upbringings, the one similarity the share being that they will be legends for years to come.

A Biography of Roger B. Chaffee, NASA Astronaut

A Biography of Roger B. Chaffee, NASA Astronaut Roger Bruce Chaffee was born on February 15, 1935. His parents were Donald L. Chaffee and Blanche May Chaffee. He grew up with an older sister in Greenville, Michigan until the age of 7 when the family relocated to Grand Rapids for Donald Chaffees job with the Army. Fast Facts: Roger B. Chaffee Name: Roger Bruce ChaffeeBorn: February 15, 1935 in Grand Rapids, MIDied: January 27, 1967, in the Apollo 1 fire at Kennedy Space CenterParents: Donald Lynn Chaffee, Blanche May ChaffeeSpouse: Martha L. HornChildren: Sheryl Lyn and Stephen.Career: Served in the Navy until his selection as a NASA astronaut in 1963  Education: Air Force Institute of Technology, Purdue UniversityHonors: Congressional Medal of Honor and Navy Air Medal (both posthumous) Chaffee entered the Illinois Institute of Technology as a Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) candidate and transferred to Purdue University in 1954, where he studied aeronautical engineering. While there, he entered flight training and qualified as an aviator. Upon graduation, Chaffee finished his Navy training and entered the service as an ensign. He married Martha Louise Horn in 1957 and they had two children. While in the Navy, Chaffee continued flight training in Florida, first at Pensacola and later at the Naval Air Station in Jacksonville. Throughout his time there, he logged 2,300 hours of flight time, with much of that occurring in jet aircraft. He was awarded a Navy Air Medal for his work in photographic reconnaissance during his Navy career. Chaffees Career at NASA Early in 1962, Roger Chaffee applied to the NASA astronaut program. Accepted initially, he worked on a masters degree at the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology at Wright-Patterson in Ohio while waiting for the final determination. Chaffees area of study was in reliability engineering, and while there he also continued adding to his flight log. In 1963 he was selected as an astronaut and began training as part of the third group of astronauts ever chosen.   Portrait of Astronaut Roger B. Chaffee. NASA Johnson Space Center (NASA-JSC) Chaffee was assigned to the Gemini program and worked as the capsule communications specialist (CAP com) for Gemini 4. He worked on deep space instrumentation equipment and its use. While he never flew a Gemini mission, he was an essential part of the team. Eventually, Chaffee was assigned to Apollo 1, which was then called AS-204 (for Apollo-Saturn). It was scheduled to fly early in 1967.   The crew of Apollo 1 at Launch Complex 34, Virgil I. Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee. NASA The Apollo 1 Mission The Apollo program was the series of flights that would eventually lead to astronauts landing on the Moon. For the first mission, the astronauts would test all the spacecraft systems, along with ground-based facilities for tracking and communications. Chaffee, who was familiar with all the Gemini systems, began training with the Apollo engineers in order to understand the capsules capabilities. This included a long series of simulations that led up to what the team called a plugs-out countdown demonstration. This simulation included the astronauts being fully suited up and in the capsule as if it were in flight configuration. This took place on January 27, 1967, and Chaffees role on the mission would be as chief communications expert with the engineers and team members in the mission blockhouse.   All went well until several hours into the mission, when a power surge created an electrical short inside the capsule. That ignited a fire in the capsule materials. The blaze was so intense and hot that it overcame the astronauts while they were trying to escape. Roger Bruce Chaffee and his teammates Gus Grissom and Edward White were all killed in the space of a minute. Later investigation showed that the bare wires and the oxygen-rich atmosphere inside the capsule contributed to the strength of the blaze. It was a huge loss for the space program and focused the nations attention on astronauts and the dangers they face, leading to a major revamp of the capsule interior and hatch for future missions. Apollo 1 and the aftermath of the fire. NASA Headquarters - GReatest Images of NASA (NASA-HQ-GRIN) Honors for Roger Chaffee Roger Chaffee was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, along with teammate Gus Grissom. Edward White was buried at West Point.  Chaffee was honored with a second Air Medal by the Navy after his death, along with the Congressional Medal of Honor. He is memorialized in the International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo, NM, as well as the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in Florida. His name appears on a school, a planetarium, and other facilities, and there is a statue of him in Grand Rapids at the Childrens Museum.   Sources NASA, NASA, www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/chaffee-rb.html.NASA, NASA, history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/zorn/chaffee.htm.Voskhod 2, www.astronautix.com/c/chaffee.html.

Major Samuel Nicholas, USMC in the American Revolution

Major Samuel Nicholas, USMC in the American Revolution Samuel Nicholas - Early Life: Born in 1744, Samuel Nicholas was the son of Andrew and Mary Shute Nicholas. Part of a well known Philadelphia Quaker family, Nicholas uncle, Attwood Shute, served as the citys mayor from 1756-1758. At age seven, his uncle sponsored his admission to the noted Philadelphia Academy. Studying with the children of other prominent families, Nicholas established important relationships which would aid him later in life. Graduating in 1759, he earned entry into the Schuylkill Fishing Company, an exclusive social fishing and fowling club. Samuel Nicholas - Rising in Society: In 1766, Nicholas organized the Gloucester Fox Hunting Club, one of the first hunt clubs in America, and later became a member of the Patriotic Association. Two years later, he married Mary Jenkins, the daughter of a local businessman. Shortly after Nicholas married, he took over the Connestogoe (later Conestoga) Wagon Tavern which was owned by his father-in-law. In this role, he continued to build connections across Philadelphia society. In 1774, with tensions building with Britain, several members of the Gloucester Fox Hunting Club elected to form the Light Horse of the City of Philadelphia. Samuel Nicholas - Birth of the US Marine Corps: With the outbreak of the American Revolution in April 1775, Nicholas continued to operate his business. Though lacking in formal military training, the Second Continental Congress approached him late that year to aid in establishing a marine corps for service with the Continental Navy. This was largely due to his prominent place in Philadelphia society and his connections to the citys taverns which Congress believed could furnish good fighting men. Agreeing, Nicholas was appointed Captain of Marines on November 5, 1775. Five days later, Congress authorized the formation of two battalions of marines for service against the British. With the official birth of the Continental Marines (later US Marine Corps), Nicholas had his appointment confirmed on November 18 and was commissioned as a captain. Quickly establishing a base at Tun Tavern, he began recruiting Marines for service aboard the frigate Alfred (30 guns). Working diligently, Nicholas raised five companies of Marines by the end of the year. This proved sufficient to provide detachments for the ships of the Continental Navy then at Philadelphia. Samuel Nicholas - Baptism of Fire: Having completed recruiting, Nicholas took personal command of the Marine Detachment aboard Alfred. Serving as Commodore Esek Hopkins flagship, Alfred departed Philadelphia with a small squadron on January 4, 1776. Sailing south, Hopkins elected to strike at Nassau which was known to have a large supply of weapons and munitions. Though warned of a possible American attack by General Thomas Gage, Lieutenant Governor Montfort Browne did little to bolster the islands defenses. Arriving in the area on March 1, Hopkins and his officers planned their assault. Coming ashore on March 3, Nicholas led a landing party of around 250 Marines and sailors. Occupying Fort Montagu, he paused for the night before advancing to occupy the town the next day. Though Browne had managed to send the bulk of the islands powder supply to St. Augustine, Nicholas men captured a large number of guns and mortars. Departing two weeks later, Hopkins squadron sailed north and captured two British ships as well as fought a running battle with HMS Glasgow (20) on April 6. Arriving at New London, CT two days later, Nicholas traveled back to Philadelphia. Samuel Nicholas - With Washington: For his efforts at Nassau, Congress promoted Nicholas to major in June and placed him at the head of the Continental Marines. Ordered to remain in the city, Nicholas was directed to raise an additional four companies. In December 1776, with American troops forced from New York City and pushed across New Jersey, he received orders to take three companies of Marines and join General George Washingtons army north of Philadelphia. Seeking to regain some momentum, Washington devised an attack on Trenton, NJ for December 26. Moving forward, Nicholas Marines were attached to Brigadier John Cadwaladers command with orders to cross the Delaware at Bristol, PA and attack Bordentown, NJ before advancing on Trenton. Due to ice in the river, Cadwalader abandoned the effort and as a result the Marines did not take part in the Battle of Trenton. Crossing the next day, they joined Washington and took part in the Battle of Princeton on January 3. The campaign marked the first time that US Marines served as a fighting force under US Army control. Following the action at Princeton, Nicholas and his men remained with Washingtons army. Samuel Nicholas - The First Commandant: With the British evacuation of Philadelphia in 1778, Nicholas returned to the city and re-established the Marine Barracks. Continuing recruiting and administrative duties, he effectively served as commandant of the service. As a result, he is generally considered to be the first Commandant of the Marine Corps. In 1779, Nicholas requested command of the Marine Detachment for the ship of the line America (74) then under construction at Kittery, ME. This was denied as Congress desired his presence in Philadelphia. Remaining, he served in the city until the service was disbanded at the end of the war in 1783. Samuel Nicholas - Later Life: Returning to private life, Nicholas resumed his business activities and was an active member in the State Society of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania. Nicholas died on August 27, 1790, during a yellow fever epidemic. He was buried at the Friends Graveyard at Arch Street Friends Meeting House. The founding officer of the US Marine Corps, his grave is adorned with wreath during a ceremony each year on November 10 to mark the services birthday. Selected Sources Major Samuel Nicholas USS Nicholas: Samuel Nicholas

The Oregon Dispute and its Settlement Summary Essay

The Oregon Dispute and its Settlement Summary - Essay Example However, the aftermath of this moment prepared Japan for most important feat in history. Surprisingly, after this interaction, America and Japan would be at war as the Americans struggled to stamp its authority on Japan (Fallows 20). Mathew Perry was an important figure during this conduct in that he was well prepared by training and temperament for negotiation in Japan. More so, Perry dedicated his entire career to the expansion of the American navy. Perry’s first important mission in 1819 was to transport slaves to Africa during the founding of Liberia. During this time, he did not witness the combat until he was in his 50s at the battle of Veracruz in the Mexican war as the nation Kept on expanding westward towards a second sea frontier on the Pacific. The opening up of America to Japan for trade was aided by the fact that there was invention of new maritime vessels that were powered by steam. By 1850, the first and graceful clipper vessel had made America to take the lead in the shipping trade (Fallows 22). But, the Britons were outperforming Americans in the steamships. The steam ships required coal to power their engines but the clippers had to choose the routes to China depending on the basis of favorable winds. On the other hand, steamers were more deliberate in that they followed a great circle route up to Alaska and then down to the Japanese Archipelago. It was on this ground that Senator Daniel Webster of New Hampshire discovered that Japan had coal deposits thus declaring that it was time to establish oceanic steam navigation. The American expansion to Japan was facilitated by the desire to expand a coal using steam powered navy. In addition, the Americans wanted to find markets in Japan in order to develop and convert more souls. Initially American expansion to Japan in 1700s was characterized by persecution in that the Japanese used to torture American sailors and whalers. More so, their ships were wrecked on the shores of the oceans. There was need to protect the whalers from these problems and destroy the religious practice of the Japanese people. It is vital to note that during the time of American expansion to Japan, the British had just won its opium war against China while the Russians were approaching from the North, swarming around were the French and Dutch. The American government watched this with great care and that Millard Fillmore commissioned the Japan expedition by convincing Mathew Perry to command it (Fallows 24). Japan adopted her own seclusion policies under the leadership of Shogun and they did not want Japan to interact with the outside world. On day, American whalers rescued a Japanese fisherman known as Kajima who was ship wrecked and he was taken to live in New England. Under the seclusion laws of Japan, it was an offense to leave the country and come back if one had escaped. Despite this, Kajima decided to risk returning home. Surprisingly, he was not killed instead he was sent to Nagasaki and told to say everything he knew about United States. He said that America was lewd by nature and that their toilets are placed over holes in the ground. The Japanese repelled any foreign ship that docked at their sea. For instance, before Mathew Perry landed in Japan, James Biddle of the U.S nay had been humiliated by the Japanese and was ordered never to return in

Colonialism in American Literature of Vietnam War Essay

Colonialism in American Literature of Vietnam War - Essay Example The involvement of the American government in the war judged by critics slash historians as taking the nature of colonialism renders the bulk of American literature on Vietnam War as largely colonial in structure, content and focus. Michael Adas in his article, "A Colonial War: The United States' Occupation of Vietnam" argues and historically proves the colonial inclination and interest of America in Vietnam claiming that America veered away from its earlier anti-colonial position under Roosevelt then proceeded to support the continuance of French colonization in Indochina ( 29). In Adas's own words: In the next decade, three American presidents presided over an escalating political and military involvement in Indochina that had most of the main attributes of colonial interventions in the preceding centuries of European global domination. Defying the decidedly anti-colonial rhetoric of the Roosevelt years, they committed the United States to a massive colonial occupation in a postcolonial era. (29) Since the Vietnam War is the result of America's efforts to participate in the colonization endeavor of Europe in an era of decolonization, the subsequent literary product is essentially and categorically colonial. A colonial literature tackles and examines the issues arising from Imperialism such as the moral dilemma(s) of the colonizer or the imperialist as shown in the essay "Shooting an Elephant" by George Orwell. In the essay Orwell recalled how as a sub-divisional officer of the town he shot an elephant in Burma to earn the approval of the Burmese and to "avoid looking a fool" (Hunt & Perry 295) even though he thought it wrong to deliberately kill the beast. George Orwell's personal essay demonstrates how an imperialist system morally confuses the colonizer or the member of the colonizing nation who believes that imperialism is "an evil thing" (289) but on the one hand because of a sense of nationality is forced to play his or her part as the oppressor. One of the defining characteristics and key quality of a colonial literature is its denunciation of colonialism and its negative impact both on the colonizer and the colonized. It is highly critical of the system of imperialism, noting the impartiality in the relationship between the oppressor and the oppressed with the oppressor receiving most of the gains while the other party suffers and gets traumatized. Colonial literature discusses the social, economic and psychological implications or consequences of colonialist experience. In structure, colonial literature is "characterized by a strong sense of ambiguity: uncertainty about the morality of imperialism about the nature of humanity, and about the continuing viability of European civilization" ("Colonial Literature" 1). Through its form, colonial literature exposes the contradictions, paradoxes and ironies of imperialism. American Literature of Vietnam War is Colonial in theme, content, structure and focus Novels A.) Robert Olen Butler (The Alleys of Eden) 1981 This fictional narrative centers on Clifford Wilkes, an American soldier trapped in Saigon at the closing of the Vietnam War. In part, it is a romantic tale with Lanh, a Vietnamese lass, serving as his love interest and partner for nearly five years. Clifford's love for Lanh is keeping him from seeking refuge in the United

State of Economy Before the Civil War and Its Grounds Assignment - 1

State of Economy Before the Civil War and Its Grounds - Assignment Example It all went to neglect at a stage in history when political discontent emerged among American-Liberians who wanted and apparently claimed political dominion which could have possibly triggered Charles Taylor (Liberia – First) to pursue an invasion of Liberia when he sought great opportunity at convincing two ethnic groups to redress the prevailing disorderly situation. This move initiated higher conflicts that involved certain tribes as the Gios and the Mandingoes (Liberia – First) who eventually became rebels whose misconception of grounds and events drove them to hatred and aggression that led to the waging of bloody Liberian civil war in Africa. It truly saddens to realize that it was merely a politically generated war which was not even founded on a patriotic cause that should have taken the welfare of Liberian citizens, especially the innocent ones to account. I could not bear to ponder about the exploitation of natural resources by the warlords who were reluctant to negotiate and settle in peaceful terms with the enemies as they gained huge advantage over the fact that disputes had been able to cover their greed and corrupt intention toward the country’s revenues and vast resources of timber, iron ore, rubber, diamonds, and gold. Because of their selfish interest to stay in power, wickedness further maintained this status by utilizing the profits with resources to buy or produce more weapons or deadly tools that killed over 200,000 excluding a million others (Liberia – First) who took refuge beyond Liberia. According to the Bureau of African Affairs: â€Å"The 1989-2003 civil war had a devastating effect on the country's economy. Most major businesses were destroyed or heavily damaged, and most foreign investors and businesses left the country. During the administration of Charles Taylor, relations between Liberia and  its West African neighbors became seriously strained. The outbreak of civil war in Liberia and the long dominance of Charles Taylor soured bilateral relations (Background Note).†

A Significance Of Rehabilitation Criminology Essay

A Significance Of Rehabilitation Criminology Essay This report attempts to explore the development of Rehabilitation System in United Kingdom since its first appearance into Parliamentary Acts until nowadays. It will be presented the history of rehabilitation based on Prison reforms and its significance and relation to society. The report aims to address objectively great changes that were made according to Parliamentary Acts, Reviews and Reports of Ministry of Justice along with writings of professionals who aimed to review its concept and analyse the usefulness and impact of the Offenders Rehabilitation Programmes. Furthermore, it will be provided the cogent of offering treatment to offenders in order to reduce recidivism, which will be followed by an evaluation and recommendations upon Rehabilitation System. In the past, for many years it was believed that the proper punish for an offender had strictly to do with the violent attitude against him and torturing of his body, deportation or even death penalty. Nowadays, and after several prison reforms Justice comes across the term of Rehabilitation. To begin with, Michel Foucault stated in 1975 that Rehabilitation procedure has more to do with discipline of the soul than the torturing of the body. (Foucault and Sheridan, 1979) The word rehabilitation is defined as re-enabling and it has Latin roots as it comes from the term rehabilitare. The assumption of all these is that Justice System is not only obliged to keep the community safer by holding the offenders in prison but also preparing them, for several reasons, to re-join society, by practicing their mind, developing their skills and expanding their knowledge. 1.2 Significance of Rehabilitation It is necessary to be mentioned the importance of Rehabilitation from either points of view, that of Justice and society and that of the prisoners. Later on, it will also be discussed the significant thesis of rehabilitation to the reduction of re-offending. Rehabilitations vital role is as it was mentioned above discipline of the mind. Through discipline, the offender will be able to be useful to society without being tempted to commit another crime. In addition to that, there are also going to be mentioned the programmes and techniques provided to the offenders, depending on the type of their offence and their needs. These needs can be categorized, as it has not always have to do with criminogenic factors as mental illness or any kind of addiction, but also survival into society matters as where to live or work or permanent health issues. Following the previous statement, this dissertation is going to include an exploration upon behavioural programmes, depending on the individualit y of every offender. 1.3 Aims of Dissertation Through a study upon Rehabilitations background from its roots since today, this dissertation aims to provide a wide briefing about rehabilitation system in United Kingdom. The sensitive correlation between society and prisoners can cause several problems to their in-between balance, and this is another issue that will be stated, by analysing the rehabilitation systems impacts to both of them. A review upon behavioural programmes will be mentioned later on along with their significance to the offenders. They are also going to be examined the advantages and disadvantages of the current system and its development throughout years. In addition to that this dissertation aims to explore the type of the rehabilitation programme which has to be followed by any offender depending on the type of his offense, the time of his penalty, any drug or alcohol addiction who may has, his age and gender, if he or she belongs to a minority group and last but not least if he or she suffers from any menta l disorder. 1.4 Overview of Content As it was mentioned above, this dissertation tends to give a brief review of Rehabilitation System for prisoners in United Kingdom since its first appearance. A flashback to rehabilitations first concept and its idea of discipline will be made in order to be evaluated its importance to the Justice System. They are also going to be discussed historical figures that published their first thoughts upon Justice System, as it had to do with punishing and imprisonment. Their appearance was significant to social reforming and inclusion of Parliamentary Acts into Justice, in order to change the detention conditions of that time, along with the relation of rehabilitation to reducing crime. In addition to that it is going to be discussed the context of Rehabilitation in general and its aims, as it plays major role as well to the whole Justice System and several aspects of society. From the content of this dissertation they cannot be excluded the Parliamentary Acts that involved rehabilitation and their relation to the present one. As it was stated above this dissertation will include a review of the services provided depending on the needs of the prisoners, along with the types and categories of the current rehabilitation programmes, their affects and their prospects of development. A major part of the information given is provided through literature review upon reports, statistics and Acts of the Ministry of Justice, Home Office, House of Commons and the Government. Chapter 2 History of Rehabilitation 2. History of Rehabilitation This chapter is going to explore Rehabilitations System Background and History since the first appearance. It will be also examined the first Parliamentary Act which includes rehabilitation and the purposes of its concept. Finally it will be discussed the Nothing Works debate. 2.1 Background The state before the current concept of Rehabilitation, which has to do more with discipline of the mind, had different ways to deal with the offenders. Depending on the type of crime the prisoners were coming across tough punishment through which they could be tortured, deported or even face death penalty. It seems as if during the 17th Century the idea of discipline started to establish. It has to be mentioned that the concept of rehabilitation back then was received in order to be given to the offender a chance of fitting back to society. The purpose was to be offered a safer society as an offender could re-join it and be a useful member of it. As it was mentioned above it was only in 1764 when Cesare Beccaria (b. 1738) expanded in his work the idea of Rehabilitation. When his book On Crimes and Punishment was published it was exposed a new chapter to Justice System as it had to do with the theme of imprisonment. By the time, his thoughts were mainly influenced by the new, by then, era of Enlightenment. Beccaria had several positions inside society, as he was a well-known philosopher, criminologist and jurist. It can be assumed that Cesare Beccaria was the first who gave in public the idea of rehabilitation with main purpose the discipline of mind and soul and expect as an outcome the reducing of re-offending, and offending is general, as the ex-offender could have the ability to expand his knowledge to others as well. To be more specific, the criminologist stated that It is evident from the simple considerations already set out that the purpose of punishment is not that of tormenting or afflicting any sentient creature, no r of undoing a crime already committed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The purpose, therefore, is nothing other than to prevent the offender from doing fresh harm to his fellows and to deter others from doing likewise. (Beccaria, 2010) In addition to that, a philosopher and social reformer of that time who wrote about the importance of punishment giving to the offender in accordance to the type of the crime committed was Jeremy Bentham (b. 1748). Bentham, who is also one of the founders of the theory of utilitarianism, published in 1811 his work The rationale of punishment through which he expressed his thoughts upon punishment. To be more specific, the philosopher stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦A punishment may be analogous to an offence, it is necessary that the crime should be attended with some striking characteristic circumstances, capable of being transferred upon the punishment. These characteristic circumstances will be different in different crimes. (Beccaria, 2010) 2.2 Penitentiary Act The philanthropist and prison reformer John Howard (b. 1726) published in 1774 his reports about the detention conditions of the offenders as he spend a year working as a sheriff and evidenced the situation himself. He also managed to visit other prisons as well in order to be sure of his findings, before the export of his reports. His findings led the justice system to include two more Acts which were dealing with the circumstances under which the offenders were held, and suggested the thesis of the State in order to provide prisons which could offer humane conditions of detention. Howard also mentioned that they had do be done changes as it had to do with the fees paid to the jailers, as in many occasions offenders were still held in prison even if they had complete their penalty because they were not able to pay them. It was only in 1779 when the passage of Parliamentary Acts had been made and it was given the permission to begin the building of the first State Prisons, which would offer healthier living conditions to the prisoners. The above can be assumed as the first evidence of an attempt of a proper rehabilitation system in United Kingdom. Even though several actions took place after the Act, the construction of a prison was not be done until 1785, when the magistrate Sir George Onesiphorus Paul completed the first prison at Gloucester which was stated as a first prison model at that time as it was approaching every aspect of the prisoners needs. It was coming across the previous statements about a healthier environment, as it was consisted by separated cells, classification of prisoners depending on the type of their offence and it was also provided medical support. Although the Penitentiary Act of 1779 has made a major point during the development of Justice System and Rehabilitation, as it brought massive changes to the System as they knew it by then, it is believed that it had affected it in many ways. According to the Cambridges Historical Journal, it was strongly believed that the basic reason of these Acts pass was the reducing of deportation. In other words, prisons had to be held, in order to keep the offenders there, without the state having the need to deport them. That statement could be valid, as after the construction of the prisons in England, several other countries followed the same path, for the same reasons. 2.3 Purposes of Rehabilitation After the engagement of the Penitentiary Act, Justice System started to develop the concept of imprisonment as a path to rehabilitation. As it was mentioned above, imprisonment reduced deportation of offenders and that created several problems at that time to jailers, as the population of the prison started to increasing. However, the key concept of Rehabilitation was the reducing of re-offending as it was believed that by educating the offenders, they would re-join society with different habits. The main theme of Rehabilitation was at that point that it would be created a safer community, as ex-offenders would not make the same mistakes, be useful to society and stop other people as well from committing a crime. At this point it is more important to Justice to protect society rather than being easier to an offender to resettle in terms of fitting smoothly back to community. However, as the years passing by the Justice System and Rehabilitation Services are keep developing in order to be updated to the needs of community. It has been already stated that the prison population started to increase. It seems as if that the same problem remained since today. At this point rehabilitation for prisoners in United Kingdom plays vital role, along with several changes that were made to the penalties of every offense, the system has to come up with new ways of avoiding prison overcrowding. Overpopulated prisons can be harmful to both bodies, to offenders and guards as well. In addition to the above, the support to offenders who have complete their penalty towards community is important as in most of the cases the reason why they are committing the same crime again is strongly connected to the social exclusion they are facing. It can be difficult to some offenders to re-join society, and at this point it is a matter of great significance the rehabilitation services during imprisonment along with some time after release. Rehabilitation Services are aiming to offer to the prisoners the appropriate support for every case individually. Apart from the Rehabilitation programmes which are being used and they will be discussed later on, they are provided to the offenders several other services in order to being able to re-join society. According to the report of The House of Commons for the Parliament, offenders are coming across many themes during Rehabilitation. Rehabilitation programmes are being included into the context of Rehabilitation services, as they are being part of the Purposeful Activity along with physical education and training, which aims to educate and train prisoners. One of the reasons why this System also targets to reduce reconviction rates is as mentioned above there is in exist the problem of overcrowding. This has a result the continuous transfer of the offenders to other prisons and that has a major affect to programmes, as the prisoners cannot receive a stable rehabilitation progr amme. 2.4 Nothing Works What Works? Debate From the background review of Rehabilitation cannot be excluded the Nothing Works What works? debate which began in 1974 towards a Robert Martinsons research. Even though this debate was made based upon the American Justice system its impact affected United Kingdom as well in terms of re-thinking its approach on that specific topic. After a long study Martinson stated that Rehabilitation System does not help in reducing re-offending. According to Martinson, they existed few programmes that were useful for the prisoners, but the overall outcome it was not the expected. The writer, who tried to give an explanation for the success in reducing recidivism stated, Having entered this very serious caveat, I am bound to say that these data, involving over two hundred studies and hundreds of thousands of individuals as they do, are the best available and give us very little reason to hope that we have in fact found a sure way of reducing recidivism through rehabilitation. This is not to say that we found no instances of success or partial success; it is only to say that these instances have been isolated, producing no clear pattern to indicate the efficacy of any particular method or treatment. (Lipton et al., 1975) During the 1980s there was a significant turn of political views towards the Right and as the change of view towards the current -at the time- rehabilitation system was differentiated, there were some opinions that the system of justice should change the penalty severity according to the offence that was caused by each offender and this specific group of opinions was made renown as the Just Desert terminology. The application of penalties would be carried out in a way that as an example a murderer would receive the same harm as he had caused to the victim which would be death. That initiated the usage of boot camps and prison regimes in order to strike a short, sharp shock effect to the offenders. Martinsons views were dictating that the majority of the funding should be focused towards the policing of communities with the use of CCTV, electronic tagging and alarms and invest less in the rehabilitation of offenders. The findings of Martinson were opposed by a number of academic staff with an example of Ross Gendreau in 1979. Finally, Martinson pointed another important variable to the negative findings which was the poor research methodologies. As every finding that is exhibited by a research, the findings of Martinson had a number of critics (Hollin, 1999). As the 1980s and 1990s were merged, a number of meta-analytic studies were published and started to show what actually worked in the process of reducing re-offending. These statistical techniques were utilized in order to review the results of a great number of primary studies and allowed the emergence of overall trends in the accumulated data. Such trends were analysed by A. Andrews and J. Bonta (Andrews and Bonta, 2010) who claimed that the findings of Martinson and his colleagues were inconclusive as they were rushed into publicity without thorough research. Due to this significant claim, Martinson and his colleagues were deemed unreliable. In the beginning, Andrews and Bonta claimed that negative results in the studies were accepted instantly and almost with no question. Moreover, they supported the idea that the way the research was carried out was to mainly stress any supporting researches to treatment by using pseudoscientific techniques such as stressing the criterion problem, discounting the underlying theory and contaminating the treatment. This group of techniques were described under the general term Treatment Destruction (Gottfredson, 1979  ) . Furthermore, Andrews and Banta claimed that Martinson and his colleagues modified the measurements to their advantage and as a result they published findings that were unreliable. According to Andrews and Bonta, there were also errors in the conceptualization of the research as a whole which meant that measurements were unreliable and is a possibility that it caused the absence of positive results. To sum up, everything that was mentioned in the course of this chapter is a review upon the development of rehabilitation until the end of the 1990s. Martinson and his colleagues presented the results of their research which specified that the effects of rehabilitation are absent and dictated that the justice system should introduce a model of penalising that would treat the offenders with severity that would vary depending on their offence. On the other hand, there were a number of opposed critics that accused them for being unreliable during the process of conducting their research and modifying the variables to their advantage. Chapter 3 Current Rehabilitation System In the UK 3. Current rehabilitation system in the UK In this chapter are going to be provided the modifications and additions that were made to the rehabilitation system since the beginning of the 2000s and the way they formed the system as we know it nowadays. 3.1 Prison Rules The Prison Rules of 1999 essentially were a replacement of the rules of 1964 and conducted changes to the way of managing prisons which include the treatment of prisoners, the powers and duties of boards of visitors and the conduct of prison officers. This chapter will mainly focus on the prison rules that affect the prisoners and not the visitors or any other mentions. The new rules of 1999 are a set of changes to previous rules in order to bring them to modern standards. The prison rule 32 is an addition to the rule 29 of the 1964 rules which was made in order to provide the distance learning ability to the prisoners as the 1964 rule was only mentioning in-prison learning programmes. Additionally, under the rule 41 every inmate search should not be placed under the sight of a person of the opposite search. Moreover, the newly specified rule 51, dictated that any irregularities during a visit such as the providing of drugs and articles to the prisoners, should be punished and the te rm in any way offends against good order and discipline has been revoked. Finally, the rule 55 commanded that additional punishment shall not be added to a caution and 14 days of cellular confinement is the maximum days of a total award. Additionally, the Secretary of State has been given the power to order a specific set of guidelines for the punishment of a prisoner. To conclude, according to Iain Crow the rule 2 of the prison rules states that At all times the treatment of prisoners shall be such as to encourage their self-respect and a sense of personal responsibility (Crow, 2001). 3.2 Social Exclusion Unit Report of 2002 As it was mentioned above, the target of rehabilitation is to reduce re-offending. Another report that played an important role to the modification of the justice system was the Social Exclusion Unit Report which was introduced in order to reduce the increasing rates of re-offending by ex-convicts and was commissioned by the Government in order to investigate what steps should be followed as to halt offending repetition. It also dictated that efforts for the rehabilitation of prisoners should be doubled in order to introduce them back to society effectively and it would be done by prison sentences not being made only to punish but also provide the convicts with the opportunity to reduce the chance of re-offending. Moreover, the Unit Report of 2002 stated that offenders are repeating offences because the prison sentences were not as effective as they should be. A number of reasons for the increment of reconviction rates during the 1990s included the erosion to the system of support for short-term prisoners post-release, the changes to the prisoners benefit rules and the steep growth in areas that are defined by social exclusion such as inequality, child poverty and drug use. The report also introduced a series of key factors that affect the re-offending rates which are the mental and physical welfare, the education and employment of prisoners, the misuse of addictive substances (i.e. alcohol, drugs), the family networks and the life skills and financial support of prisoners. The Social Exclusion Unit Report of 2002 not only stated the factors that cause the rise in re-offending rates but also made a number of recommendations which are the following: A long-term National Rehabilitation Strategy should be introduced in order to approach rehabilitation and ultimately reduce re-offending. Imprisonment should be applied only where necessary. Improvements to diversion schemes have to be made in-court in order to identify if an offender is mentally ill and specific actions should then be carried out such as mental health care. Additionally, there should be doubt over the overall value of short-term prison sentences as they might have negative effects recrudesce due to the lack of supervision after custody. Housing and financial needs of newly released prisoners should be taken into account a national level. Furthermore, in order to further improve the accessibility to healthcare, housing, employment and education, a system for effective resettlement should be designed. An increase in the variety of programmes that are available in the community is needed, as it will help with a number of aspects of the ex-prisoners such as mental health programmes, drug and alcohol treatment and education. Each ex-prisoner should be treated in accordance to their circumstances and as a result if would offer a much improved effect to the rehabilitation of the ex-prisoners as each programme will be focused on their needs. These programmes will include a series of activities and support that will be devised by a case manager who will cover the entire sentence of the prisoner, during and after his or her imprisonment. In conclusion, the Social Exclusion Unit Report of 2002 stated a lot of problems in the rehabilitation progress that was used until that time but also recommended key objectives that had to be fulfilled in order to improve the rehabilitation system and significantly reduce the re-offending rates for ex-prisoners and is best defined by the best way of reducing re-offending is to ensure that prisoners on their release have the ability to get into work and a home to go to. In the remainder of this report, we investigate the current levels of provision of training, education and employment opportunities within prison, and of resettlement arrangements after release. (Office, 2002) 3.3 The Carter Report of 2003 In March 2003 the Government authorized the businessman Patrick Carter in order to create an extensive review of the criminal justice system in England and Wales. The objective was to establish an effective system that would not only focus on reducing crime but also maintain the public confidence alongside being affordable. The Carter Report was released to public in December 2003 that concluded that the increased usage of imprisonment and probation during the past decade reflected the increased severity of the sentences for specific offences rather than an increase in the overall seriousness of crimes that were brought to justice or the growth of the number of offenders being caught and sentenced -both remaining widely constant. Moreover, the Carter Report stated that while imprisonment is vital in order to protect the public, by incapacitating dangerous and persistent offenders, the increased use of imprisonment and probation has only a limited effect on offences and the evidence -which prove that the severity of sentences is a major factor for preventing crimes- are also severely limited. Another problem in the process of convicting offenders was pointed out by the report which described the process too focused on offenders with no previous sentences and failed to get to grips with highly persistent offenders. Additionally, the report stated that there were a lot systemic failures in the use of interventions in order to reduce re-offending because they were ineffectively targeted. These failures that were highlighted were the fact that short-term offenders are not staying in the same place and as a result cant receive effective interventions which would reduce the chance of re-offending, the quality of the interventions that an offender is receiving varies greatly depending the prison establishment who is held and as the court often is not able to address the needs of the offender is being assigned with interventions that are not suited for his or her needs. The Carter Report alongside the problems -which stated that existed in the criminal justice system- it introduced a number of new approaches that should be followed in order to deal properly with offenders with the core points being: A National Offender Management Service (NOMS) should be established that would combine the functions of the present Prison and Probation Services and it should have two main core goals with the first being the punishment of offenders and the reduction of re-offending. It should be headed by a lone Chief Executive and based on evidence on what works in reducing re-offending and taking no account of whether the offender is sentenced with imprisonment or community service, it should be responsible for the successful management of the offenders sentence. A range of targeted and effective sentences should be created which will be enforced in robust way. Depending on the risk assessment of each offender, community punishments should become more intense and three levels of severity should be made available (Community Punishment, Intensive Supervision and Monitoring and Community Rehabilitation). Last but not least, community sentences for low-risk cases should be replaced with fines. Based on sentencing guidelines, which are informed by evidence of what works in reducing re-offending and makes effective use of the existing capacity, the judiciary should take up a new role in managing probation demand and prisons and as a result ensure a better consistency of punishment practice. As the findings of the Carter Report were very significant, the Government drew heavily on its recommendation that were focused on the improvement of the criminal justice system and the particular correctional services. As a result the Government started the implementation of the core proposals from the Carter Report into the Criminal Justice Act of 2003. Chapter 4 Offending Behaviour Programmes (OBPs) 4. Offending Behaviour Programmes (OBPs) A major part of Rehabilitation procedure is the establishing of Offending Behaviour Programmes that were designed in order to treat or improve the cognitive skills of the offenders and expect as an outcome the reducing of re-offending. These programmes were designed and offered to prisoners by the Prison Service during the early 90s. This chapter will include several models of these programmes, as they are being categorized according to the type of the offence, the condition of the offender along with his psychological condition, his age or any addictions. 4.1 Psychological and Behaviour Issues Grendons model is one of the most knows rehabilitation programmes in United Kingdom, as it was first established 40 years ago at the HMP of Grendon in Buckinghamshire. This programme aims to offer a treatment to offenders who suffer from psychopathy. At this point it has to be mentioned that the offenders volunteer to participate and they cannot be over 40. When the offenders are getting involved with Grendons system, are being divided into five groups, which are also known as therapeutic communities. Grendons model is still offers treatment to the offenders despite the lack of funding. Another behaviour programme that aims to provide treatment to offenders with psychological issues is Democratic TC, which has several similarities to that of Grendons. This programme is designed to support offenders who suffer from either personality disorder or emotional needs. In order to address any psychological and emotional agitation, Democratic TCs offer round-the-clock living-learning interventions for offenders whose primary criminogenic contingency factors should be targeted. In addition to the previous, it has to be stated that in several models, which are based on cognitive skills, some mentors of the interventions are offenders who have already completed the programme successfully. Such is Kainos Rehabilitation programme, which is also known as Challenge to change. Kainos is also a full time based model and aims to reduce criminogenic causes of offenders who have been judged as medium to high risked. Behavioural programmes are also targeting to reduce re-offending through teaching the criminals to control themselves by improving their self-management skills. Such model is Priestley One to One (Priestley OTO), which also aims to provide the offenders with the skill self-critic. In this case they are able to be responsible and understand the already committed crime and accept its consequences. It has to be mentioned that this programme is bounded only in community. Additionally, a widely known model is TSP, which stands for Thinking Skills Programme and works upon teach the offenders to achieve their goals without committing offences. In other words, it is based on self-management and personal coaching. Same target also has RESPOND, which is designed for prisoners who cannot work in groups, and offers the treatment individually. 4.2 Drug and Alcohol Misuse Eighty per cent of people that are being imprisoned have significant issues that are related to either drug or alcohol. In a number of prisons, drug tests were carried out during reception and eight out of ten prisoners were found having class A drugs in their system. Drug misusers are committing a major proportion of the acquisitive crimes as, in drug tests that were carried out during reception, a good per cent of the offenders that were prosecuted for offences such as burglary and shoplifting had heroin, cocaine or other opiates in their system. The underlying problem is that most of these people have never received any help about their drug problem. The statistics stated that there is a need for programmes that will hel